Have you ever smoked a joint only to have a serious case of the munchies suddenly kick in? Specifically, you may have experienced cravings for salty or sugary junk food and wondered why your body was reacting to weed with a snack attack. Here, we'll cover how your body knows when to eat, why weed can make you feel hungry, and how cannabis may help both patients looking to gain weight and non-patients looking to maintain their weight.
How the body normally signals hunger
Under normal — aka sober — circumstances, your body feels hunger as the product of four different factors. According to the University of Michigan Department of Medicine, those four factors are:
Blood sugar levels
Hormone levels
Emptiness in the stomach and intestines
Signals from the hypothalamus region of the brain
These same factors also indicate when your body is full. Appetite, however, is a slightly different concept from hunger. Unlike genuine hunger, appetite can be stimulated by the smell of a fresh-baked plate of chocolate chip cookies or a steaming bowl of ramen. Your appetite can also be affected by a stressful situation that makes you want to indulge in one of those cookies — or turn away from food altogether.
How weed amplifies hunger So, how does weed signal to the brain that it's time to grab a handful of potato chips? Dr. Melanie Bone, a board-certified OB-GYN and cannabis specialist, explained, “The mechanism by which cannabis stimulates appetite seems to be through production of a hormone called ghrelin. This hormone acts on the appetite centers in the brain to stimulate hunger. In addition, the cannabinoids can impact taste and smell. The combination is beneficial for those who are having trouble getting interested in food at all.”
Thanks to its reputation as an appetite stimulant, many patients seeking to gain weight have turned to weed for help. Though it's not just weed's appetite-stimulating abilities that may help patients gain weight. As Dr. Bone explained, “Patients who experience weight loss and poor appetite are often scolded, cajoled, bribed, and pressured by their friends and family to eat more. This is done lovingly, but it causes anxiety and stress around food and can often worsen the problem. CBD and CBG may help to manage the psychosocial issues surrounding eating by reducing anxiety.” What's an incentive for some may be a deterrent for others. Patients who start a medical marijuana regimen for reasons other than appetite stimulation may be concerned about the potential weight gain. “As a cannabis practitioner, many of the patients coming in for a consultation about medical marijuana have only one request: they don't want to get fat,” said Dr. Bone. “They regale me with stories of their college days when they got high and got the munchies. It is true that cannabis can cause an increase in appetite, but long-term users tend to have normal-to-low body weight. Why is that?” To answer this question, Dr. Bone took us back to 1985 when a drug called Dronabinol was legalized to treat weight loss and wasting in patients with HIV/AIDS. Dronabinol, a synthetic form of THC, is now used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting as well as cachexia, or cancer-related weight loss. According to a 2018 study published in the journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, Dronabinol may help in the management of anorexia and weight loss in AIDS and cancer. The authors of the study concluded that, “The use of oral dronabinol solution may provide an additional treatment option in patients experiencing anorexia and/or weight loss in HIV/AIDS or cancer.” So, many long-term cannabis users may simply be average or underweight to begin with. But what about people who are not fighting weight loss? There's evidence to suggest long-term cannabis consumers may also be able to manage their weight more effectively than non-consumers.
Weight management and weed Despite the fact that cannabis can temporarily stimulate appetite, there are exceptions to the rule, especially for long-term consumers. While the immediate onset of the munchies may be unavoidable, the cannabinoids present in cannabis could actually serve to reduce anxiety, thereby potentially decreasing appetite as well as Body Mass Index (BMI). There is also research to support the notion that long-term cannabis consumption may indirectly affect the waistline. According to a 2018 article published in the journal Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, some cannabis consumers may have reduced body mass index and obesity rates. The researchers asserted that, “For many patients, cannabis may be a better option for weight loss than surgery or pharmaceuticals.” Several reasons may account for this possibility. Dr. Bone stated, “Researchers reviewed a lot of different data and concluded that there is a relationship between long-term use and normal body mass index. They propose that it's less of a direct effect of cannabinoids than an indirect effect. For example, they posit that decreasing anxiety leads to less snacking, and it reduces stress, which lowers the secretion of hormones that tend to drive appetite and weight gain. Another theory is that it helps with sleep and more and more data point to the need for good sleep to maintain ideal body weight.” Stress and anxiety reduction along with enhanced sleep quality may all help long-term cannabis consumers regulate their weight and avoid extreme fluctuations.
Bottom line There is no one-size-fits all solution when it comes to cannabis and appetite control. However, long-term cannabis consumption may indirectly lead to lower rates of obesity in the general population. Dr. Bone asserted, “We still have a ways to go to figure out best practices for optimizing cannabis use for anorexia/cachexia and weight management, but considering the success to date, it shouldn't be a stretch to guess that eventually there will be cannabinoid products for improved appetite and weight gain as well as those touted to help weight loss.”